The build system does not seem to consistently respect non-default options.
Fix that in the patch. The following forces X11 on Apple and fixes linking.

--- CMakeLists.txt	2023-11-14 07:37:21.000000000 +0800
+++ CMakeLists.txt	2024-05-28 23:18:57.000000000 +0800
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 
 if (APPLE)
   include(vtkApple)
+  set(VTK_USE_COCOA OFF FORCE)
+  set(VTK_USE_X ON FORCE)
 endif ()
 
 # must be before the following iOS / Android

--- Rendering/OpenGL2/CMakeLists.txt	2023-11-14 07:37:21.000000000 +0800
+++ Rendering/OpenGL2/CMakeLists.txt	2024-05-28 23:22:46.000000000 +0800
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@
     OVERRIDE vtkEGLRenderWindow)
   set(has_vtkRenderWindow_override 1)
   include_directories("${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/sources/android/native_app_glue")
-elseif (EMSCRIPTEN)
+elseif (VTK_USE_SDL2)
   # Add some custom overrides
   vtk_object_factory_declare(
     BASE vtkRenderWindow
@@ -402,6 +402,7 @@
 if (VTK_USE_X)
   vtk_module_find_package(PACKAGE X11)
   vtk_module_link(VTK::RenderingOpenGL2 PUBLIC X11::X11)
+  vtk_module_link(VTK::RenderingOpenGL2 PUBLIC GL)
   if (TARGET X11::Xcursor)
     vtk_module_link(VTK::RenderingOpenGL2 PRIVATE X11::Xcursor)
   else()

--- CMake/vtkOpenGLOptions.cmake	2023-11-14 07:37:21.000000000 +0800
+++ CMake/vtkOpenGLOptions.cmake	2024-05-28 23:20:32.000000000 +0800
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 include(CMakeDependentOption)
 
 # For each platform specific API, we define VTK_USE_<API> options.
-cmake_dependent_option(VTK_USE_COCOA "Use Cocoa for VTK render windows" ON
-  "APPLE;NOT APPLE_IOS" OFF)
+set(default_use_cocoa OFF)
+option(VTK_USE_COCOA "Use Cocoa for VTK render windows" "${default_use_cocoa}")
 mark_as_advanced(VTK_USE_COCOA)
 
 set(default_use_x OFF)
-if(UNIX AND NOT ANDROID AND NOT APPLE AND NOT APPLE_IOS AND NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Emscripten")
+if(UNIX AND NOT ANDROID AND NOT APPLE_IOS AND NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Emscripten")
   set(default_use_x ON)
 endif()
 option(VTK_USE_X "Use X for VTK render windows" "${default_use_x}")